Turn Your Passion into Profit

So, you love to bake. You love everything about it, from purchasing the ingredients to combining them. And the best part of the baking is the delicious aromas. You’d like nothing better than to experience that every day. Whether you want to create standard fare or branch out and explore creative business ideas within the baking niche, a bakery business is a perfect fit for you. We’ve gathered 50 baking business ideas to get you started.

Getting Started with Your Baking Business

Starting a baking business is an exciting venture, especially if you’re passionate about the art of baking. However, like any business, it requires careful thought and strategy to ensure success. Here’s an expansion of the key steps and considerations:

Getting Started with a New Baking Business

1. Market Research:
   • Identify your target audience: Understand who your customers will be and their preferences.
   • Scope out the competition: Who else is in the market? What do they offer, and how can you differentiate yourself?
   • Choose a specialty: Whether it’s gluten-free, vegan, or themed cakes, pick a niche that can set you apart and cater to a specific segment of customers.
2. Business Plan:
   • Mission Statement: What’s the main objective of your bakery?
   • Vision: Where do you see your business in 5 or 10 years?
   • Budget: Projected costs and revenue forecasts.
   • Marketing Strategy: How will you promote your products? Think about social media, local advertising, and partnerships.
   • Operational Plan: Detailed plans for daily operations, including suppliers, staffing, and growth timeline.
3. Legalities:
   • Obtain necessary permits and licenses from local and state authorities.
   • Stay updated on health codes and inspections – these are paramount in the food industry.
   • Consider liability insurance to protect against potential claims.
4. Equipment and Supplies:
   • Essential Tools: Depending on your bakery type, the basics might include a commercial oven, mixer, and refrigeration units.
   • Utensils: Stock up on whisks, measuring cups, baking pans, and more. These should be high-grade to withstand daily usage.
   • POS and Inventory Systems: Essential for handling sales and keeping track of ingredients and baked goods.
5. Investment Strategy:
   • Consider the quality over quantity approach. While high-quality equipment might have a higher upfront cost, it usually offers better performance and longevity.
   • Regularly maintain and service your equipment to extend its life.
6. Branding and Marketing:
   • Packaging: The way you present your baked goods can significantly impact customer perception. Invest in good quality, eco-friendly packaging that complements your brand.
   • Marketing Materials: Business cards, flyers, banners, and even a user-friendly website can help attract more customers.
   • Engage in local events, farmers’ markets, and online platforms to increase visibility.
7. Continuous Learning:
   • Stay updated with the latest baking trends, techniques, and flavors.
   • Attend workshops and trade fairs to continuously upskill and get inspired.

Remember, while passion for baking is at the heart of this venture, a sound business strategy and meticulous planning are the backbone.

The Top 10 Bakery Business Ideas

1. Artisanal Bakery: Specializing in handcrafted, high-quality breads and pastries made with organic, local ingredients. You can even open an artisan donut shop or other specialty location.
2. Cookie Delivery Service: A same-day delivery service for fresh-baked cookies, catering especially to corporate offices and events.
3. Custom Cake Studio: Offering highly personalized, artistic cakes for weddings, birthdays, and other special occasions.
4. Online Baking Classes: Use your expertise to teach others how to bake, offering both beginner and advanced courses.
5. Subscription Box Service: Monthly delivery of DIY baking kits with pre-measured ingredients and detailed instructions.
6. Mobile Bakery Truck: A bakery on wheels that travels to different locations, perfect for festivals, farmer’s markets, and special events.
7. Gluten-Free Bakery: Cater to the growing demand for gluten-free products with a variety of breads, cookies, and pastries.
8. Elderly Care Baking Service: Offer baked goods tailored for senior citizens, such as low-sugar or soft-textured items.
9. Coffee and Pastry Shop: Open a coffee shop combined with a bakery offering pastries that complement different types of coffee.
10. Ethnic Bakery: Specialize in a specific type of ethnic baking, such as French patisserie, Japanese mochi, or Italian biscotti.

Feature/Type	Artisanal Bakery	Cookie Delivery Service	Custom Cake Studio	Online Baking Classes	Subscription Box Service	Mobile Bakery Truck	Gluten-Free Bakery	Elderly Care Baking Service	Coffee and Pastry Shop	Ethnic Bakery
Target Audience	Quality-conscious consumers	Offices, events, cookie lovers	Event organizers, those celebrating special days	Aspiring bakers, home cooks	DIY enthusiasts, baking hobbyists	Event attendees, market goers	Gluten-intolerant consumers	Senior citizens, elderly care facilities	Coffee lovers, working professionals, students	Ethnic communities, gourmet lovers
Unique Selling Point	High-quality, organic, handcrafted goods	Quick delivery of fresh cookies	Artistic, personalized cakes	Virtual learning, expert-led classes	Convenient monthly DIY baking kits	Freshly baked on-the-go treats	Variety of gluten-free baked goods	Tailored baked goods for senior needs	Perfect coffee-pastry pairings	Authentic ethnic baked goods
Challenges	Sourcing organic, local ingredients	Meeting delivery times, freshness	Meeting detailed customization requests	Engaging virtual teaching	Ensuring ingredient freshness in boxes	Obtaining permits, changing locations	Guaranteeing 100% gluten-free environment	Addressing specific dietary needs of elderly	Managing two businesses (coffee and bakery)	Ensuring authenticity, sourcing ethnic ingredients
Potential Collaboration	Local organic farmers, specialty stores	Corporate offices, event planners	Wedding planners, party organizers	Cooking schools, culinary experts	Ingredient suppliers, recipe bloggers	Event organizers, farmers’ markets	Gluten-free product suppliers	Senior care centers, nutritionists for elderly	Coffee bean suppliers, barista schools	Cultural centers, ethnic festivals
Marketing Opportunities	Emphasize craftsmanship, organic sourcing	Promote freshness, quick delivery	Showcase artistry, customization capabilities	Online ads, baking forums, social media promotions	Monthly surprises, unique recipes	Daily location updates, special event tie-ins	Advocate gluten-free benefits, taste tests	Highlight health, safety, and dietary considerations	Combo deals, coffee tasting events	Highlight authenticity, cultural significance

10 Bakery Ideas for Special Occasions

1. Wedding Cake Atelier: Specialize solely in creating luxurious wedding cakes.
2. Anniversary Desserts: Customized desserts specifically designed to celebrate wedding anniversaries.
3. Baby Shower Cupcakes: Offer packages of cupcakes with baby-themed recorations.
4. Holiday Pie Service: A seasonal service offering pies for holidays like Thanksgiving and Christmas.
5. Valentine’s Day Chocolates and Cakes: Specialize in romantic desserts for Valentine’s Day.
6. Easter Treats: Create Easter-specific goods like hot cross buns and bunny-shaped cookies.
7. Bar/Bat Mitzvah Desserts: Custom desserts for Jewish coming-of-age ceremonies.
8. Diwali Sweets: Offer traditional Indian sweets during the Diwali festival.
9. Graduation Themed Desserts: Custom cakes, cupcakes or cookies shaped like caps or diplomas.
10. New Year’s Eve Treats: Special baked goods meant for celebrating the New Year, like champagne-flavored cupcakes.

Feature/Type	Wedding Cake Atelier	Anniversary Desserts	Baby Shower Cupcakes	Holiday Pie Service	Valentine’s Day Chocolates and Cakes	Easter Treats	Bar/Bat Mitzvah Desserts	Diwali Sweets	Graduation Themed Desserts	New Year’s Eve Treats
Target Audience	Engaged couples	Married couples	Expectant parents, baby shower planners	Individuals celebrating major Western holidays	Couples, those celebrating Valentine’s Day	Easter celebrants	Jewish families celebrating Bar/Bat Mitzvah	Individuals celebrating Diwali	Graduates and their families	New Year’s Eve celebrants
Unique Selling Point	Luxurious, tailored wedding cakes	Celebrating marital milestones	Themed decorations for baby celebrations	Seasonal pies tailored for specific holidays	Romantic-themed desserts	Festive, Easter-specific goods	Tailored for Jewish coming-of-age ceremonies	Traditional Indian festival sweets	Celebrating academic achievements	Ushering in the New Year with themed treats
Challenges	High expectations, peak season rushes	Year-round demand might be limited	Gender-neutral or specific designs	Peak demand during holiday seasons	High competition during Valentine’s season	Catering to diverse Easter traditions	Understanding religious & cultural nuances	Sourcing traditional ingredients	Diverse academic symbols for different institutions	Making unique offerings distinct from regular goods
Potential Collaboration	Wedding planners, bridal stores	Jewelry stores, romantic getaway venues	Baby stores, parenting classes	Thanksgiving event planners, Christmas markets	Flower shops, romantic event planners	Churches, Easter event organizers	Synagogues, Jewish community centers	Indian grocery stores, cultural organizations	Schools, universities	Event planners, New Year’s party hosts
Marketing Opportunities	Bridal fairs, wedding magazines	Celebrate love and commitment	Showcase cuteness, new beginnings	Highlight traditions, family gatherings	Emphasize love, romance, and affection	Showcase festive Easter traditions	Highlight the significance of the coming-of-age event	Emphasize tradition and festival joy	Celebrate accomplishments, new beginnings	Ring in the New Year with joy and festivity

10 Niche Baking Business Ideas

1. Keto Bakery: All offerings are keto-friendly.
2. Vegan Bakery: Completely animal product-free.
3. Breakfast Bakery: Specializing solely in breakfast items like muffins, scones, and croissants.
4. Nut-Free Bakery: Safe options for those with nut allergies.
5. Athlete-Focused Snacks: Protein-packed baked goods tailored for athletes.
6. Hiking Snacks: Specialize in durable, portable baked items perfect for long hikes.
7. Kid-Friendly Bakery: Offer small-sized, fun, and healthy baked goods specifically for children.
8. Cannabis-Infused Bakery: Offer CBD or THC-infused baked goods (where legal).
9. Literary Bakery: Baked goods inspired by popular books or literary themes.
10. Farm-to-Table Bakery: Source all ingredients locally and focus on seasonal goods. You can take this further and run an organic bakery.

Feature/Type	Keto Bakery	Vegan Bakery	Breakfast Bakery	Nut-Free Bakery	Athlete-Focused Snacks	Hiking Snacks	Kid-Friendly Bakery	Cannabis-Infused Bakery	Literary Bakery	Farm-to-Table Bakery
Target Audience	Keto diet followers	Vegans, environmental & animal rights advocates	Breakfast enthusiasts	Individuals with nut allergies	Athletes, fitness enthusiasts	Hikers, outdoor enthusiasts	Parents, schools, children’s events	Adults in regions where cannabis is legal	Book lovers, literary event goers	Locavores, sustainability advocates
Unique Selling Point	Low-carb, keto-adherent baked goods	Animal product-free	Morning-time specialties	Nut-allergen safe environment	High protein, energy-boosting goods	Long-lasting, energy-packed goods	Fun, tasty, age-appropriate selections	Edibles infused with CBD or THC	Baked creations inspired by literature	Fresh, locally-sourced, and potentially organic goods
Challenges	Maintaining flavor without traditional carbs	Substituting dairy & eggs effectively	Time-restricted demand (mornings)	Guaranteeing a 100% nut-free environment	Ensuring balanced nutritional profiles	Ensuring durability & longevity of products	Catering to varying children’s dietary needs	Legal regulations, dosing consistency	Copyright considerations with book themes	Maintaining supply with local, seasonal ingredients
Potential Collaboration	Keto diet groups, nutritionists	Vegan communities, animal rights groups	Coffee shops, morning commute hubs	Schools, allergist clinics	Gyms, fitness coaches	Outdoor equipment stores, hiking groups	Schools, children’s entertainment businesses	Wellness centers, dispensaries	Libraries, book clubs, authors	Local farmers, farmers markets
Marketing Opportunities	Emphasize weight-loss & health benefits	Promote cruelty-free & eco-friendly ethos	Target early birds, office workers	Promote allergen safety	Target sports events, athletic competitions	Emphasize energy, portability & outdoor adventure	Showcase fun designs, healthy options	Advocate relaxation, wellness or recreational use	Host book-themed events, collaborate with authors	Highlight freshness, local partnerships, seasonality

Baked Goods for Different Tastes and Preferences, 10 Best Ideas

1. Sugar-Free Bakery: For diabetics or those looking to cut down on sugar.
2. Low-FODMAP Breads: For those following a low-FODMAP diet for IBS.
3. High-Fiber Bakery: Specialize in high-fiber baked goods.
4. Allergen-Free: A bakery that avoids all major allergens.
5. Paleo Bakery: All baked goods conform to Paleo diet guidelines.
6. Low-Calorie Treats: Specialize in desserts under a certain calorie count.
7. High-Protein Bakery: For those looking to increase their protein intake.
8. Ayurvedic Baking: Baked goods tailored to Ayurvedic diets.
9. Senior-Friendly: Soft, easy-to-digest baked goods for older customers.
10. Heart-Healthy Bakery: Low-sodium, low-fat baked goods for those with heart issues.

Feature/Type	Sugar-Free Bakery	Low-FODMAP Breads	High-Fiber Bakery	Allergen-Free	Paleo Bakery	Low-Calorie Treats	High-Protein Bakery	Ayurvedic Baking	Senior-Friendly	Heart-Healthy Bakery
Target Audience	Diabetics, health-conscious consumers	IBS sufferers, health-conscious consumers	Health-conscious, digestion-focused consumers	Allergy sufferers, health-conscious consumers	Paleo diet followers	Diet-conscious consumers, weight-loss community	Fitness enthusiasts, athletes	Ayurveda followers, holistic health enthusiasts	Seniors, those with dental or digestive issues	Cardiovascular patients, health-conscious consumers
Unique Selling Point	No added sugars	FODMAP-friendly ingredients	Increased dietary fiber content	Avoidance of major allergens	Grain-free, dairy-free, refined sugar-free	Desserts with restricted calorie counts	High protein content	Balancing body doshas through baked goods	Tailored for senior dietary needs	Heart-healthy ingredients
Challenges	Finding sweeteners that taste authentic	Understanding & adhering to low-FODMAP guidelines	Sourcing high-fiber ingredients	Ensuring zero cross-contamination	Strict adherence to paleo ingredients	Maintaining taste with lower calories	Maintaining taste & texture with added protein	Deep understanding of Ayurvedic principles	Adjusting recipes without compromising on taste/flavor	Navigating low-fat and low-sodium requirements
Potential Collaboration	Health clinics, nutritionists	Gastroenterologists, dietitians	Nutritionists, health food stores	Allergists, health clinics	Paleo diet groups, fitness centers	Dietitians, fitness trainers	Gyms, fitness nutrition brands	Ayurvedic practitioners, wellness centers	Senior homes, geriatric care providers	Cardiologists, heart health organizations
Marketing Opportunities	Highlight health benefits & sugar alternatives	Promote digestive health benefits	Emphasize digestive health, weight management	Promote allergen safety & inclusivity	Highlight paleolithic diet benefits	Showcase calorie count & portion sizes	Target muscle building & recovery	Promote holistic health & well-being	Market ease of consumption & specialized needs	Advocate for heart health & lifestyle management

Our 10 Best Baking Business Ideas with a Twist

1. Pet Bakery: Specialize in baked treats for dogs and cats.
2. Movie-Themed: Offer treats that are named or designed after popular films.
3. 3D-Printed Decorations: Use a 3D printer to create intricate cake decorations.
4. Edible Flowers Bakery: Incorporate edible flowers into pastries, cakes and cookies.
5. Zero-Waste Bakery: Aim for zero waste by upcycling ingredients and using eco-friendly packaging.
6. Fortune Cookie Customization: Custom-written fortunes in handmade fortune cookies.
7. Savory Bakery: Specialize in savory items like meat pies and stuffed pastries.
8. Alcoholic Desserts: Desserts infused with spirits like whiskey, rum, or liqueurs.
9. Interactive Baking: Create baked goods meant to be decorated or finished by the customer.
10. Seasonal Foraging Bakery: Incorporate locally foraged ingredients like berries or mushrooms into your baked goods.

Feature/Type	Pet Bakery	Movie-Themed	3D-Printed Decorations	Edible Flowers Bakery	Zero-Waste Bakery	Fortune Cookie Customization	Savory Bakery	Alcoholic Desserts	Interactive Baking	Seasonal Foraging Bakery
Target Audience	Pet owners	Movie enthusiasts	Those seeking unique cake designs	Nature & health enthusiasts	Eco-conscious consumers	Personalized event planners	People who prefer savory over sweet	Adults, especially spirit enthusiasts	Creative individuals, party hosts	Locavores, nature enthusiasts
Unique Selling Point	Healthy, tailored treats for pets	Desserts inspired by popular films	Intricate, customizable designs	Floral aesthetic & taste	Sustainable and eco-friendly practices	Personalized, unique messages	Savory twists on classic pastries	Boozy twist on traditional desserts	DIY, hands-on experience	Fresh, local, and seasonally inspired products
Challenges	Safety & dietary requirements for pets	Copyright issues with movie designs	High initial cost for 3D printer & training	Sourcing edible flowers year-round	Ensuring complete sustainability	Content appropriateness & custom order management	Balancing flavors and seasonings	Alcohol licensing & age restrictions	Ensuring ease of final steps for customers	Seasonal availability of ingredients
Potential Collaboration	Pet stores, vet clinics	Local theaters, movie reviewers	Wedding planners, event organizers	Tea shops, health food stores	Local farmers, eco-friendly brands	Event planners, corporate events	Delicatessens, cafes	Bars, liquor stores	Art studios, children’s parties	Local foragers, farmers markets
Marketing Opportunities	Highlight pet health benefits	Create desserts for movie premieres	Showcase intricate designs on social media	Emphasize health & natural beauty	Advocate for sustainability and eco-friendliness	Highlight personalization features	Offer samples to introduce unfamiliar items	Pair with wine or spirits in marketing	Workshops, DIY kits	Highlight freshness and local ingredients

Marketing Strategies for Your Baking Business

To use online marketing, develop a website and a FB page. Having an interactive online presence will help you keep in touch with customers, letting them know if you’re offering any specials or if you’re receiving great feedback from customers.

Offline, you should plan to supply baked goods for events in your community, such as county fairs or fundraisers. Send your baked goods samples home in bags, which include your business card.

You should develop an advertising budget and spend judiciously in the best markets, including print, radio and digital media sites.

If you’re operating a brick-and-mortar location, have special tasting events to celebrate special days, such as a community celebration or holiday.

And (this must be said) word of mouth is the best advertising for a baking business.

FAQs: Baking Business Ideas

What are the initial steps to start a bakery business?

You should do market research first. Next, develop a comprehensive business plan.

Once you’ve developed your business plan, you need to purchase the necessary equipment.

To simplify running the business, invest in POS software and also inventory-management software. Those two investments are crucial to keeping a baking business running smoothly.

What permits and licenses are required for a baking business?

The permits and licenses required for a baking business can vary depending on your location and the scale of the business.

However, some common permits and licenses generally include:

1. Business License: A basic requirement for any business, usually obtained from the city or county where your business is located.
2. Food Handler’s Permit: Required for anyone who will be handling food. This usually involves a course and a test on food safety.
3. Health Department Permit: You will likely need to pass a health inspection to ensure that your bakery meets all local, state, and federal food safety regulations.
4. Fire Department Permit: This is especially relevant if you are opening a physical location, as you will need to meet fire safety standards.
5. Sign Permit: If you plan to put up any signage for your business, many local governments require a permit.
6. Building Permit: If you are doing any construction on the space where you plan to open your bakery, you’ll likely need a building permit.
7. DBA (Doing Business As): If you’re running the business under a name that’s different from your own, you’ll need to register the fictitious name.
8. Employer Identification Number (EIN): Issued by the IRS, needed for tax filing and to open a business bank account.
9. Alcohol Permit: If you plan to sell any baked goods containing alcohol or plan to serve alcohol at your location, a liquor license may be needed.
10. Seller’s Permit: Required in some places for the collection of sales tax.

It’s critical to consult local and state government websites and consult with professionals like lawyers or business advisors to ensure that you’ve covered all your legal bases.

Failure to secure the proper permits and licenses can result in hefty fines and potentially even the closure of your business.

How can I market my baking business?

Marketing a baking business requires a blend of traditional and digital techniques. While the quality of your baked goods is essential, how you present and promote them is equally crucial. Let’s delve deeper into how you can market your baking business effectively:

1. Packaging:
   • Branding: Your packaging should reflect your brand’s colors, logo, and overall aesthetic.
   • Eco-Friendly: Consider using recyclable or biodegradable materials that appeal to environmentally-conscious customers.
   • Innovative Designs: Think about packaging shapes and structures that stand out, such as windowed boxes for pastries or reusable tins for cookies.
   • Include Story/Ingredients: A brief story about your bakery or a list of ingredients can add a personal touch.
2. Online Marketing:
   • Website: Create a user-friendly website showcasing your menu, pricing, and high-quality images of your products. You may even explore app builders to invest in a mobile app or site.
   • Social Media: Platforms like Instagram and Pinterest are perfect for bakeries. Regularly post mouth-watering photos of behind-the-scenes content and engage with followers.
   • Email Marketing: Offer promotions or discounts to subscribers and keep them updated with newsletters about new products or events.
   • Google My Business: Ensure you’re listed so local customers can easily find you.
   • Online Reviews: Encourage satisfied customers to leave positive reviews on platforms like Yelp or TripAdvisor.
3. Offline Marketing:
   • Sampling: Offer free samples at local events or within your store to entice potential customers.
   • Loyalty Programs: Create a card-based or digital loyalty system offering deals or free items after a certain number of purchases.
   • Networking: Build relationships with other local businesses. Consider cross-promotions or partnerships with complementary businesses (e.g., coffee shops).
   • Local Advertising: Use newspapers, local radio, or community bulletin boards to advertise special promotions or events.
   • Pop-Up Stalls: Participate in farmers’ markets or local fairs to increase visibility and reach a broader audience.
4. Engage and Listen:
   • Feedback Boxes: Place them in-store or online to gather feedback on your products and services.
   • Host Events: Organize baking classes, themed nights, or children’s events to engage with the community.
   • Seasonal Specials: Offer limited-time products during holidays or special occasions to keep the menu fresh and exciting.
5. Professional Imagery:
   • Invest in high-quality photography for your products. Great photos can enhance ads, social media posts, and your website.

Incorporating a mix of online and offline marketing strategies can propel your baking business to new heights. By continually adapting and listening to your customer base, you can create a brand that resonates and keeps them coming back for more.

What are some challenges faced by new baking businesses?

You’ll likely be facing competition. But if you’ve done your market research, you should be able to thrive even in an area with other baking businesses. Those who are exploring small town business ideas may not have as much direct competition, but there are generally fewer customers to market to.

It’s also difficult to set the right price. Pricing baked goods is a delicate balance between covering your costs and offering a price that is attractive to customers.

How do I determine the right pricing for my baked goods?

The first step in pricing is to calculate all of your costs, including not just ingredients but also overheads like rent, utilities, labor, packaging, and any business loans or fees. These are your ‘Cost of Goods Sold’ (COGS) and your ‘Operating Expenses.’ Here’s a simple formula to help determine a basic price:

Retail Price=(COGS+Operating Expenses)×Profit MarginRetail Price=(COGS+Operating Expenses)×Profit Margin

For example, if the COGS is $2, and the operating expenses per item are $1, and you want a profit margin of 50%, then the price would be (2+1)×1.5=4.5(2+1)×1.5=4.5.

What baking skills are needed to start a baking business?

Starting a baking business requires a diverse skill set, ranging from the technical aspects of baking to a broader understanding of food safety and business operations. Here are some basic baking skills that are crucial:

1. Measuring and Scaling: Understanding how to precisely measure ingredients is foundational to achieving consistent results.
2. Mixing and Creaming: Knowing the right techniques for mixing or creaming ingredients together can make or break your baked goods.
3. Dough Handling: Whether you’re making bread, cookies, or pastries, knowing how to handle dough is essential. This includes understanding how to knead, proof, and laminate dough.
4. Temperature Control: Accurate oven temperature and proper pre-heating are key to successful baking.
5. Time Management: Baking often requires multiple steps that need to be carefully timed, so good time management skills are essential.
6. Flavor Pairing: Understanding what flavors work well together will set you apart from competitors and help you create memorable products.
7. Decoration Skills: Whether it’s piping, layering, or glazing, decorating your baked goods can add value and aesthetic appeal.
8. Ingredient Knowledge: Understanding the roles of different ingredients will help you adapt or modify recipes successfully.
9. Food Safety: Basic hygiene and safety procedures, such as proper handwashing and storage of ingredients, are critical to prevent contamination and spoilage.
10. Basic Nutritional Understanding: While you don’t need to be a dietician, it helps to understand basic nutrition facts, especially if you’re catering to special dietary needs.

Beyond these technical skills, soft skills like customer service, creativity, and business acumen are also invaluable. You’ll need to be able to market your products, manage costs, and ensure that your business is profitable in the long term.

Image: Envato Elements

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